PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF MICROALBUMINURIA IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17656/jsmc.10319Keywords:
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Microalbuminuria, Diabetic nephropathyAbstract
Background
Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Microalbuminuria is considered an early stage of diabetic nephropathy, as it is a predictor of cardiovascular disease among diabetic and non-diabetic subjects.
Objectives
This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients.
Patients and Methods
A cross-sectional study was carried out at diabetes & endocrine clinic in Faruk Medical City - Sulaimanya from Feb. 2018 to Feb. 2019. Overall, 211 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were included. The patients were investigated & assessed for presence or absence of microalbuminuria by using Urine- Albumin-Creatinine Ratio (ACR) and for associated risk factors including {Age, Gender, Duration of diabetes mellitus (DM), fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, presence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, Body Mass Index (BMI), smoking, types of DM treatment and renal function}.
Results
The Prevalence of microalbuminuria was 27.01%. Significant differences were found regarding mean age (56.75 vs. 53.95) (P=0.05), duration of diabetes (9.44 vs. 7.10 years) (P=<0.002), hypertension (P=0.003), the mean serum triglyceride (TG) level, (223.05 vs. 167.72) (P= 0.001) and HbA1c (P=0.006) in patients with microalbuminuria as compared to patients with normoalbuminuria respectively. However, there was no significant statistical correlation with the other variables, including gender, BMI, smoking, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), type of DM treatment, and renal function.
Conclusion
Microalbuminuria is a common problem in type 2 diabetic patients. Advanced age, hypertension, poor glycemic control, long duration of diabetes, and serum triglyceride were risk factors for developing microalbuminuria.
References
Chen L, Magliano DJ, Zimmet PZ. The worldwide epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus—present and future perspectives. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2012 Apr;8(4):228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2011.183
Deshpande AD, Harris-Hayes M, Schootman M. Epidemiology of diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Physical therapy. 2008 Nov 1;88(11):1254-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20080020
Tang SC, Chan GC, Lai KN. Recent advances in managing and understanding diabetic nephropathy. F1000Research. 2016;5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7693.1
Odegaard JI, Chawla A. Connecting type 1 and type2 diabetes through innate immunity. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine. 2012 Jan 10:a007724. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a007724
Rudberg S, Osterby R. Diabeticin Young IDDM Patients: Preventive and Diagnostic Aspects. Hormone research. 1998;50:17-22.
Cooper ME. Pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of diabetic nephropathy. The Lancet. 1998 Jul 18;352(9123):213-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)01346-4
Morales E, Valero M, León M, Hernández E, Praga M. Beneficial effects of weight loss in overweight patients with chronic proteinuric nephropathies. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2003 Feb 1;41(2):319-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2003.50039
American Diabetes Association. Executive summary: standards of medical care in diabetes—2011. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(suppl 1): S4–S10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-S004
Donnelly SM, Huang JT, Zhou XP, Whiteside CI. Prevention of early glomerulopathy with tolrestat in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Biochemistry and cell biology. 1996 May 1;74(3):355-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/o96-038
World Health Organization. Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
Ufuoma C, Ngozi JC, Kester AD, Godwin YD. Prevalence and risk factors of microalbuminuria among type 2 diabetes mellitus: a hospital-based study from Warri, Nigeria. Sahel Medical Journal. 2016 Jan 1;19(1):16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/1118-8561.181889
Al-Futaisi A, Al-Zakwani I, Almahrezi A, Al-Hajri R, Al-Hashmi L, Al-Muniri A, et al. Prevalence and predictors of microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional observational study in Oman. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2006;72:212-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2005.10.001
Al-Adsani A. Risk factors associated with albuminuria in Kuwaiti adults with type 2 diabetes. Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation. 2012 Jul 1;23:860 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-2442.98189
Molnár M, Wittmann I, Nagy J. Prevalence, course and risk factors of diabetic nephropathy in type-2 diabetes mellitus. Med Sci Monit. 2000;6(5):929-36.
Iranparvar Alamdari M, Aminisani N, Bashardoost B, Shamshirgaran S, Khodamoradzadeh M, Shokrabadi M, Olomi B. Prevalence and risk factors of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients in a diabetic clinic of Ardabil-Iran. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2006;4(1):8-12.
Ali AA, Al Lami FH. Prevalence and determinants of microalbuminuria among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, Baghdad, Iraq, 2013. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2016;27:348-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-2442.178561
Ziyadeh FN. Mediators of diabetic renal disease: the case for TGF-β as the significant mediator. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2004 Jan 1;15(1 suppl): S55-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000093460.24823.5B
Bilous RW, Mauer SM, Sutherland DE, Najarian JS, Goetz FC, Steffes MW. The effects of pancreas transplantation on the glomerular structure of renal allografts in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 1989 Jul 13;321(2):80-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198907133210204
PATIENTS: PREVENTIVE AND DIAGNOSTIC ASPECTS. Hormone research. 1998;50:17-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000053097
Tarnow L, Rossing P, Gall MA, Nielsen FS, Parving HH. Prevalence of arterial hypertension in diabetic patients before and after the JNC-V. Diabetes Care. 1994 Nov 1;17(11):1247-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.17.11.1247
Molitch ME, Steffes M, Sun W, Rutledge B, Cleary P, De Boer IH, Zinman B, Lachin J, Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study Group. The Development and Progression of Renal Insufficiency with and without Albuminuria in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) Study. Diabetes Care. 2010 May 6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-1098
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Omed H. K Abdulwahab, Rasul A. Rasul
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under 